Candidates should be able to:

(a)

discuss ways in which chemists can help improve food production, including:

(i)

providing extra nutrients,

(ii)

controlling soil pH,

(iii)

controlling pests;

 (b)

recall the qualitative effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction;

(c)

discuss the redox reactions involved in the interconversion of the following species in the

nitrogen cycle:

(i)

nitrogen gas,

(ii)

nitrate(V) ion,

(iii)

nitrate(III) ion,

(iv)

 ammonium ion,

(v)

dinitrogen oxide(N2O), nitrogen monoxide(NO), nitrogen dioxide(NO2);

(d)

describe in outline the manufacture of ammonia in the Haber Process, giving essential

conditions;

(e)

Use given data to evaluate the most economical operating conditions for an indusrial process such as the Haber process , using principles of equilibrium and rates of reaction.

(f)

write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for reactions involving gases (in terms of  partial pressures)

(g)

Use values of K_p together with given data on partial pressures to carry out simple calculations concerning the composition of equilibrium mixtures.

(h)

Describe and explain, in terms of structure and bonding the trends in reactions of the elements and properties of compounds across a period, including:

(i)

the reactions of the elements with oxygen, chlorine and water,

(ii)

the acid-base character of oxides,

(iii)

the behaviour of chlorides towards water;

(i)

recall that there is a relationship between the structure and bonding of a substance and its

properties, and relate the properties of substances to their structure and bonding;

(j)

interpret given data in terms of the structure and bonding of a substance;

(k)

describe and explain the partition equilibrium that occurs when a solute is distributed

between two immiscible solvents;

(l)

explain the role of chemistry in the design of pesticides that combine maximum efficacy with minimum environmental damage.